Absolutisim

__**Spain**__

 * Extending Spanish Power
 * Charles V and the Hasburg Empire
 * Spain ruled by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand became the first modern European power and expelling the last Muslim rulers and enforced religious unity.
 * In 1492 Queen Isabella financed Columbus’s voyage across the Atlantic leading the conquest of the Americas
 * Wearing two crowns
 * Grandson of Ferdinand Charles V inherited his grandfather’s empire and is heir to the Austrian Hapsburgs
 * An Empire Divided
 * Charles V gave up his titles in 1556 and entered a monastery
 * He divided the empire and gave the Hapsburgs to his brother Ferdinand, who became Holy Roman Emperor
 * He gave Spain, the Netherlands, southern Italy, and Spain’s overseas
 * Empire to his 29 year old son
 * Philip II and Divine Right
 * Phillip resigned as an absolute monarch, a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people.
 * Philip asserted that he had divine right, that he believed that his authority came from God.
 * The wars of Philip II
 * In 1571 the allies of Spain and Spain defeated the Ottoman in the Mediterranean
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">An uprising occurred in the Netherlands because of riots against the Inquisition
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The protestants declared their independence from Spain in 1581 and later was called the Dutch Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Invading England
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Spain formed a armada to invade England but was sadly defeated due to the bad weather in the English Channel in 1588
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The loss of the armada was crippling to Spain
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Spain’s Golden Age
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">El Greco was one of the famous painters in this time period and he produced religious pictures and striking portraits of the Spanish nobles.

__**France**__

 * =====Louis XIV most powerful leader in France=====
 * =====Henry IV inherited throne=====
 * =====Became Catholic=====
 * =====Still protected protestants=====
 * =====Set out to heal France=====
 * =====Laid foundation for royal absolutism=====
 * =====Killed by assassin=====
 * =====Louis XIII inherits throne=====
 * =====Appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as chief minister=====
 * =====Strengthened central government=====
 * =====Used power to destroy protestant and noble authority=====
 * =====Louis XIV inherits throne=====
 * =====France becomes disordered again=====
 * =====Wanted to gain absolute power=====
 * =====Believed in divine right=====
 * =====Sun symbol of absolute power=====
 * =====I am the state=====
 * =====Louis cemented ties between mid class and monarchy=====
 * =====French army strongest in Europe=====
 * =====Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister=====
 * =====High tariffs on imported goods=====
 * =====Palace of Versailles=====
 * =====Emphasized his importance=====
 * =====Rituals=====
 * =====Arts picked up under Louis=====

__**England**__
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 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603
 * Henry VIII was low on money and had to ask the Parliament for help
 * Queen Elizabeth controlled the Parliament
 * Elizabeth died In 1603
 * With no heir to the throne the right passed to the Stuarts the ruling family of Scotland
 * James I was the first Stuart monarch
 * James I wanted absolute power from the Parliament but the Parliament refused
 * Now James I and Parliament argue about money and foreign policy
 * There was a group called Puritans that tried to purify the church of Catholic practices
 * The Puritans called for a new translation of the Bible and then they made the King James version in 1611
 * In 1625 Charles I inherited the throne and he behaved like an absolute monarch
 * The Parliament wanted Charles I to sign the Petition of Right
 * The downside to the Petition was that Charles I prohibited the king from raising taxes without the Parliament’s consent
 * Charles dissolved the Parliament in 1629
 * He ignored the petition and ruled without the Parliament for 11 years
 * The Parliament was called the Long Parliament because it lasted from 1640 to 1653
 * In 1642 Charles took some troops into the House of Commons to arrest some radical leaders
 * From 1642 to 1649 there was a English Civil War
 * It was the Cavaliers the followers of Charles I versus the Roundheads the army of the Parliament
 * The Roundheads were victorious over the Cavaliers in many battles
 * The king was in the hands of the roundheads by 1647
 * Charles I was executed by his own people on a cold January day in 1649
 * After the execution England was changed to a republic and was lead by Oliver Cromwell
 * Due to uprisings in Ireland the Parliament passed a law exiling most Catholics to barren lands
 * In 1658 Oliver Cromwell died
 * In 1660 Charles II returned from exile and took the throne
 * James II inherited the throne in 1685 from his brother Charles II
 * In 1688 James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange overthrew James II which was called the Glorious Revolution
 * Austria**
 * Voltaire said, "The Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman"
 * 30 yrs war was because of the Protestant north vs the Catholic south.
 * Ferdinand (of Spain) Charles V brother tries to push back the Reformation.
 * Netherlands, Sweden and "Germany" support Austria against the Catholics
 * Later it has nothing to do with religion but all polotics as people switch sides
 * Both sides hire roving mercenaries that are brutal 1/3 of the population is decimated
 * 1648 peace treaty. France was the big winner and Hapsburg lost
 * Switzerland and Holland become independent states
 * Germany becomes 360 separate states
 * Hapsburg try to consolidate and grow but fail
 * Maria Theresa gets close but never like France
 * Hohenzollern take the gap and establish a strong Prussia
 * Frederick l establishes a strong military state by 1740
 * His son ends up following and does well "Frederick the great"
 * To end it all there is a balance of power as everyone makes alliances with each other
 * Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, & Russia


 * Russia**


 * Peter Mikhailov 7 feet tall
 * Peter the Great
 * 10 yrs old when came to throne
 * Very curious
 * Learned of west Europe monarchs
 * Set out to study
 * Westernization
 * Strengthen military
 * Expand borders
 * Centralize power
 * Pushed serfdom
 * Encouraged exports
 * Symbolic changes
 * Ended practice of secluding upper class women
 * No mercy for resistance
 * Left corpses outside palace walls for months
 * Largest standing army
 * Pushed for warm water port
 * Failed, Catherine did it later
 * War with Sweden
 * St. Petersburg built on Swedish taken land
 * Window to the west
 * Russia agrees with china for lands north of Manchuria
 * Crossed into Alaska
 * Vitus Bering navigator to explore bering strait
 * largest country in world
 * Peter dies 1725
 * Catherine the Great german princess
 * Husband peter III murdered
 * Took throne
 * Embraced western ideas
 * Could be ruthless
 * Peasants suffer
 * Achieved warm water port
 * Austria Catherine Fredrick form partition of Poland